There are many different file types used in photography. Here are some of the more common ones used in photography and their functions.
First is the JPEG file, or “Joint Photographic Experts Group.” Many people know of this filetype, which is one of the most common files on this list. JPEG images don’t have the highest quality, as the image is compressed right at the capture. However, the upside to this is that they don’t take up a lot of storage at all, so many JPEGs can be stored in one place or on one memory card. Another upside is that JPEGs have almost no compatibility issues. You can view them on almost everything, and they are compatible with almost every editing software. These kinds of files are best used for personal use.
Next up is the HEIF, “High Efficiency Image Format” filetype. It’s also the newest filetype on the list, as it was designed in 2015 and is used by Apple for iPhone photos. These files take up even less storage than JPEGs; however, they have some compatibility issues. Many editing programs cannot handle HEIF files, and they are hard to display on internet browsers, which is a huge downside. These files are best used for rapid transfer and personal use.
The third filetype is TIFF, or “Tagged Image File Format,” which is one of the most common filetypes sued by photographers. These photos are extremely high quality as they are not compressed, which also allows for a lot of editing. A small downside is that these files take up a lot more storage than JPEGs or HEIFs. TIFFs can only be displayed on some browsers. These files are best used for high-quality photos and editing.
Next is the RAW file. These files are of the highest quality for images and are used by many professional photographers. These files store all of the original information captured by the camera, which allows for extensive editing. However, these files cannot be displayed in a browser and require editing software such as Lightroom to view them. They will have to be edited and converted to a different filetype. These files are best used for high-quality images and a lot of post processing.
Next up is the DNG, or digital negative file. This filetype was created by Adobe to attempt to create an alternative to RAW files that can be used by all cameras and manufacturers. DNG files will be guarded against future incompatibilities for RAW files, which is a major benefit. These filetypes are used for long-term edited files that can be converted from RAW files to guard against incompatibility.
Now another commonly known file, the PNG. This filetype was designed in the 1990’s. They don’t require much storage, can be relatively high quality, and can be displayed on internet browsers. These filetypes are best used for the storage of many high-quality images and on internet browsers.
GIF files are next, and they are perfect for internet use. GIF files allow animation and are small file sizes, which makes them great on browsers. It supports transparency, but not partial transparency. GIFs are not best used for photos but rather images with a limited color palette, as GIFs only contain a maximum of 256 colors.
BMP files were developed by Microsoft for use on the Windows platform. Now it’s supported by Macs too. They have a large file size as color data is saved for each pixel, which makes images very high quality. These files are best used for high-quality images that are not shared on the internet, as many browsers don’t support them.
Lastly is the PSD, which is used by Adobe Photoshop to save data. One of the biggest benefits of a PSD is that it saves multiple layers of data and is great to be used for editing in Photoshop. Layers can be added, removed, or edited without affecting the original photo. Once it is saved, it can be converted to any filetype. PSDs are best used for photo editing, specifically in Photoshop.